Lesson 1
Creating the First Paradigm and Model


Introduction to Lesson 1
1.1 GME and the modeling process
1.2 Creating a metamodel
1.3 Creating the first model
1.4 Enhancing the metamodel and the model icons


Introduction to Lesson 1

In this first lesson, you will configure GME to allow the drawing of basic diagrams for a specific application domain. Later lessons will show you how to extend the project with more advanced features.

The application domain throughout this tutorial is that of networking systems: routers, networked computers, and other devices, as well as the connections between these devices. Your application domain is probably quite different from this one, but looking at a specific domain as an example is probably the best way to help you identify the main steps of modeling and learn the techniques of customizing GME. There are some sections that describe the details of networking, and serve as "theoretical backgrounds" for accomplishing a certain task in GME in a particular way. Those sections appear in red italics. If you are not familiar with networking, you may find them irrelevant or hard to understand. Feel free to skim or even skip them, and focus on the rest of the tutorial, which deals with the more practical aspects of GME.

This tutorial provides enough information to give the average user a well-developed understanding of GME, without having to rely on extra documentation. Of course, to gain a deeper understanding of GME and to learn all of its features, you will need to consult the GME Users Manual as well.




1.1 GME and the modeling process

GME is a generic, configurable modeling environment. In other words, the configuration of GME is not an option; it is the first step that must be taken before anything meaningful can be done with it. The configuration process itself is also a form of modeling - the modeling of a modeling process. This is called metamodeling. The output of the metamodeling process is a compiled set of rules, the paradigm, that configures GME for a specific application domain.

Does everyone need to be a metamodeling expert to use GME? Of course not. Normally, only a few people participate in the metamodeling process. By contrast, there are numerous users of the configured environment. The users do not need to know much about metamodeling; what they see is a graphical tool with editing capabilities that is already customized for their domain. The main advantage of model-integrated computing is that the work of the users is guided by the modeling environment.

This tutorial is written for those who are interested in metamodeling and customization. The majority of the tutorial deals specifically with metamodeling issues; examples of customized environments are usually explained in much less detail. Remember, the metamodeling environment itself is also based on GME. So while acting as a metamodeler, you are also a user of the customized environment of GME, based on its meta-paradigm. By the time you begin to build models, you will have already had plenty of practice simply by using the metamodeling environment!


1.1.1 Problem specification

The first thing that a metamodeling expert needs is a specification (or at least some vague idea) of the modeling application to be implemented. This typically comes in a natural-language description. As an example, the proposed network modeling application is described below:

"We want to create networking diagrams. The diagrams will contain routers. Each router has several router-ports. We also have hosts (e.g. servers). We want to connect router-ports and hosts to form networks.

"Routers are identified by name and family. Name is a string, family is one of the following: "C16xx", "C25xx", "C36xx", or "Linux" [i.e. we have Cisco and Linux routers]. Ports are identified by portname, IP address, speed (in kbps), and type (which is either "HDLC", "PPP" or "Ethernet").

"Hosts are identified by name and address (for now, they all have a single Ethernet port). Networks are identified by a network address and a netmask."


1.1.2 The modeling approach

We now have a description of the concepts to be modeled using the GME metamodeling environment. The modeling technique we are using is the well-known and widely accepted Unified Modeling Technology, especially a specific subset called UML Class Diagrams.

The most basic step in the metamodeling process consists of determining two things: the entities used by the model, and the relations between them. Information used to identify and qualify certain entities and relations will be assigned to them as attributes. Metamodeling, in a nutshell, is the mapping of specification concepts onto entities, relations and attributes.

We have been given the specification. Now let's describe the modeling paradigm:

Luckily for us, the networking specification in this example turned out to be brief and fairly precise. It often takes much more to extract the essence of the customer's ideas.


1.1.3 Generic modeling concepts in GME

GME supports a set of generic modeling concepts that are variations of the UMT entities, relationships, and attributes. The differences reside partly in the nomenclature and partly in additional features, semantics, and constraints which are expected to guide and simplify the metamodeling process.

The concepts listed above form the core of the GME concepts used to represent entities and relations. They are commonly called First Class Objects, or FCOs, emphasizing their central role in any modeling project. Other important GME concepts are listed below: During the metamodeling process, a suitable GME concept (FCO) is chosen to represent each of the real-world concepts that appear in the specification. A set of GME meta-datatypes, or kinds, are established. Each defines a set of attributes, composition rules, association options, constraints, etc. The generic GME FCO (model, reference, etc.) that is selected for an entity or association kind (such as a router, or network connection) is called its stereotype.




1.2 Creating a metamodel

Now that the theoretical process of metamodeling has been described, let us see how the process is conducted in practice. You can follow the instructions below to create a metamodel for the networking application example, or you can adapt the instructions for a separate modeling problem and begin implementing your own customized GME environment.


1.2.1 Creating a new metamodeling project

Start GME, and select "File/New Project...". A dialog box pops up to let you choose the paradigm the new project will be based on. Since we are creating a metamodel, the paradigm will be "MetaGME". Select it and press the "Create New..." button. The next dialog asks you to specify the data storage. Simple models are usually stored in project files.

After clicking "Next", a file dialog asks you to name a project file. The standard extension is ".mga". Specify a name (like "networking.mga") and press OK.

GME has now created and opened an empty project. The project is named "networking" and is associated with the MetaGME paradigm, the GME built-in metamodeling paradigm that configures the environment for use as a metamodeling tool. Note that the project is not completely empty: it contains a root folder, also named "networking".


1.2.2 Creating a paradigm sheet.

Right click on the root folder in the Browser window (the one usually docked at the right side), and select the single option "ParadigmSheet" within the "Insert New Model" option. A new object named NewParadigmSheet is created under the root. Double click to open it. A white window appears in the user area (Fig 1.1). This window displays the empty contents of the NewParadigmSheet model, which serves as the all-enclosing drawing board for your class (i.e. entity) diagram. The header of the window contains the following:

For a while, this will be the only paradigm sheet of the metamodel, so doubleclick its header to maximize it.



Fig 1.1 GME metamodel with an empty paradigm sheet


1.2.3 Defining entities.

Make sure the current aspect is "ClassDiagram". The Part Browser, a small window in the lower left portion of the program, displays the selection of objects that can be inserted into the model in its current aspect. Drag a "Model" from the Part Browser onto the main window. This will be the entity that represents a router. Give it the name "Router" by selecting it and clicking the topmost input field in the Attributes/Preferences/Properties window (located in the lower right section of the program). The generic GME concept "model" - indicated by <<Model>> in the defining class - is the stereotype for routers. Therefore, since routers are models, they can contain other objects (i.e. router-ports).

Now create three <<Atom>> classes, and name them "Port", "Host" and "Network". The relations will be represented by connection entities, so create a <<Connection>> object and let it keep the default name "Connection". (This is an example of an overloaded name: a connection entity represents a relationship which happens to be called "Connection" in the networking paradigm.)

We have created five entities so far, but we still need a couple more. First, we must add something to act as a base container for the routers, networks, hosts, and their relations. This will be a <<Model>> named "NetDiagram"; add it to the metamodel.

Now we need just one more class: a generic entity that represents "anything that can be directly connected to a network" (i.e. router-ports and hosts). The modeling environment should not allow this object to be directly created. Therefore, it must take the form of an abstract baseclass for router-ports and hosts. Create it as an <<FCO>> and name it "NetInterface", because it essentially represents anything that incorporates a network interface.

Our paradigm sheet now contains all seven necessary entities: two models, three atoms, a connection, and an FCO.


1.2.4 Generalization, containment, and association.

The next step is to indicate relationships between entities. Relationships are represented by lines, so switch the editor mode to "Add Connection" ( ).

Let us start with NetInterface. We want to show that Ports and Hosts are NetInterfaces; in other words, they implement NetInterface. The UML notation for this is a line connecting the subclasses to the baseclass, passing through a small triangle that points to the baseclass. In the Part Browser, locate a small triangle named "Inheritance" and drag it onto the user area. Since we won't refer to this object directly it does not need to have a specific name. Click NetInterface, and make sure the cursor is changed to . Click the triangle, and VOILA! - the first connection is drawn! Now connect the triangle to the subclasses. Do this by clicking the triangle first; this tells GME which object is the base class and which are the derived classes in the inheritance. We now have a UML generalization relationship, just like the one shown in Fig 1.2.

Routers contain ports; this will be the second type of relationship we implement. The UML notation for containment is a line connecting an object to its container, with a small black diamond on the "container" end of the line. Containment is easier to draw than inheritance; no triangles are involved. Just click the contained object first (remain in "Add Connection" mode, ), and the container second. Whenever your coursor is above an object that can be a candidate for a connection, the border of  the object gets red. Moreover, when the cursor is near one of the side lines of the box, a little red square will appear in the midpoint of the line. This indicates that the user is able to enforce the location of the connection line attached to the box. If you chose one of the side lines to create the connection, GME will always draw the connection from that side, even if the object is moved from its place. If you simply click in the middle of the object, GME will always try to find the best routing for drawing the line representing the connection. Near the end connected to the contained class, the multiplicity "0..*" is displayed. We will leave this alone for now.

Do not forget that there are more containment relationships to be defined: Routers, Hosts, and Networks are contained by NetDiagrams. GME also requires that relationships (or connections) are contained somewhere, so add a containment relationship between Connections and NetDiagrams as well.

If the containment lines in our metamodel look like those in Fig 1.2, we are ready to move on to the third and final type of relationship: associations.

We have already defined the association class, "Connection", but we still need to indicate what objects this relationship can associate. This is a ternary relation between the association class and the two endpoints of the association, so another helping object, a small black dot ( ), must be used. Drag it onto the diagram from the Part Browser. The connection source will be router-ports and hosts. Only one source can be specified for each connection, but we can get around this by using the common baseclass, NetInterface, to represent both sources. Connect NetInterface to the connector dot. The line displays "src" as the role, and "0..*" as the multiplicity at its NetInterface end..

Now specify the destination: first click the connector dot, and then the "Network" class. The association class, "Connection", is the third leg of the association relationship. When you connect this class to the connector dot (in any order), GME displays a window asking you to clarify the role of this relation. Select "Association Class" here.

We have now defined all three basic UML relations: generalization, containment and association (Fig 1.2).



Fig 1.2 Class diagram with entities and relationships


1.2.5 A visit to the "Attributes" window

The UML class diagram looks ready, but there is still one more thing to do.

The Attributes/PreferencesProperties window is located in the lower right corner of the screen, and shows the attributes, user preferences and properties of the currently selected object. This window has three panes; select the "Attributes" tab to expose the attributes. Here is a quick list of the metaparadigm entity attributes we will encounter:

Note: Connections have several additional attributes concerning line styles and labels. See the Users Manual for details.

Attributes have a default value that is defined in the model's paradigm (in this case, the metamodeling paradigm). The default value is enabled if nothing else is expressly set. The name of the attribute and the value of it are displayed gray until the user changes them indicating that the attribute's default value is used. Fortunately, most default values are appropriate at this point. To practice working with attributes, we will change only one: the "In root folder?" option in the "NetDiagram" entity. We want to indicate that network diagrams can be directly created in the root folder. Follow these steps (see Fig 1.3):

  1. Click on the "NetDiagram" entity to display its attributes in the "Attributes" pane.
  2. Locate the "In root folder?" attribute, select it and click the arrow on the right side of the box. A list will appear where you can select "True" or "False".
  3. Select "True". The attribute will be displayed black, indicating that the attribute will now contain its own value instead of the paradigm-wide default.
  4. Resume work on the metamodel by leaving the attributes pane; the changes are automatically recorded.



Fig 1.3 The Attributes dialog pane


As mentioned above, relation entities can also possess attributes. Although this feature is seldom used, our metamodel happens to require attributes for a particular containment relationship. The Attribute pane for a connection may be opened by selecting "Attributes" from its context menu (make sure you point exactly at the connection line). Open the Attribute pane for the "Composition" line between Router and Port. Change the value of the "Object is a port?" attribute to "True". This tells GME to treat Port objects as ports of Routers; they are visible and accessible from outside the parent model. The Attribute pane for relations also controls the association endpoint names and multiplicities, or cardinalities. (The latter will be explained in Lesson 6).

The metamodel's UML Class Diagram part is now complete, but the rest of the metamodel needs further adjustments. The remaining information can be entered using the other three aspects of the NewParadigmSheet: Visualization, Constraints, and Attributes. (Constraints will not be defined at this point in the tutorial, so this aspect will be skipped for now.)


1.2.6 Creating an Aspect

A model must contain at least one aspect. Switch to the "Visualization" aspect of the metamodel. (This is a good place to point out a key difference between the metamodel and the model: the visualization aspect in the metamodel allows us to define aspects for our application.) Drag an "Aspect" onto the paradigm sheet. Name it "Connectivity" to distinguish it from other aspects that we will create later.

Aspects are a type of set: the objects contained in this aspect are known as its members. Switch to "Set Edit" editor mode ( ). Right-click the new aspect, and then include all other entities in the diagram by left-clicking them. The result is shown in Fig 1.4.(Including or excluding an abstract class makes no difference.)



Fig 1.4 Defining and populating an aspect in your metamodel


Membership in the aspect set indicates that every instance of a given meta-entity is visible in this aspect. We must also show that this aspect is contained in both of the models. A containment relationship will accomplish this; switch to "Add Connection" mode, and create containment connections from the aspect to both the Router and NetDiagram models.

We have succesfully created an aspect! Since the model contains only one aspect, it might be difficult to understand why this step is even necessary. In Lesson 5, we will learn more about aspects and how they function in a model.


1.2.7 Specify attributes

This is the last major step! Switch to the "Attributes" aspect. (As stated earlier, constraints are not used in this lesson).

Attributes are data fields of entities. The data fields are mentioned in the specification; some examples are name, type, IP address, and speed. In the configured network modeling environment, attributes for objects will be accessed in much the same way as Fig 1.3, which shows the attributes of a UML class in the metamodel. (Make sure you understand the difference between attributes of entities that are used in the metamodel, and attributes of entities that your metamodel is expected to define!)

In standard UML class diagrams, attributes are defined in the lower half of the class rectangle. GME also displays attributes on the class diagram, but they are defined in a separate aspect. A connection relationship (which visually resembles UML containment) is used to assign attributes to classes.

Let's start by creating attributes for the Router entity:

  1. According to the specification, Router has two attributes: Name and Family. In GME, all objects have an automatically generated string property called "Name". This is a built-in attribute, typically used as the primary and individual (sometimes explicitly unique) identifier of the entity. In this case, the name of the router satisfies these criteria. Therefore, only one attribute, "Family", should be explicitly specified. The specification provides an enumerated set of options for Family, so this attribute will be an <<EnumAttribute>>. Drag this object onto the paradigm sheet and name it "Family".
  2. Through the context menu, open the Attributes dialog (i.e. the Attributes of an EnumAttribute meta-entity). All options shown in the dialog are listed below with brief descriptions and, if needed, the proper value for the "Family" attribute: The other two types of attributes, <<FieldAttribute>> and <<BooleanAttribute>>, have the following extra options:
  3. The Family attribute has now been perfectly defined, but it still must be associated with the meta-entity (or meta-entities) that will use it. Switch to "Add Connection" mode ( ) and connect the new attribute to the Router entity. An attribute can be used in several entities by drawing multiple connections. This particular attribute is only used by Routers.
We can now define the other attributes in a similar fashion. Generally, most settings may be left in the default state, except for the data type of <<FieldAttribute>>s, menu item fields of <<EnumAttribute>>s, and default values for all attributes.

Create the following:

The attribute aspect of the metamodel should resemble Fig 1.5.



Fig 1.5 The Attributes aspect of this metamodel


1.2.8 Interpret the metamodel and install the new paradigm

Now we will convert the metamodel into a GME paradigm. Click the button with the cogwheel icon ( ) in the toolbar. Click "OK" on the "Configure Aspect Mapping" dialog. The next dialog selects the location of the paradigm XML file.

If there are no errors in the metamodel, the final dialog reports that the paradigm has been generated, and asks if it is to be registered. Before they are used, paradigms must be registered (the name and properties must be entered into a specific part of the Windows registry), so select "OK".

Although theoretically unnecessary, it is a good idea to save your work (with "File/Save Project") before testing the paradigm. If you are working from a database, this step is not needed, since all edits immediately persist. If you are working on file-based models, GME200 automatically offers to save your work when you quit the program. However, system crashes and other unforeseeable problems may still cause data loss.




1.3 Creating the first model

Select "File/New Project..." from the menu to start a new GME project. The familiar series of dialogs appear. (This is a key feature of GME; users need only learn one process for both modeling and metamodeling.) The newly installed paradigm, "networking", should be visible in the paradigm list. Select this paradigm and choose an appropriate filename, like "mynetwork".

The screen of the new model looks just like Fig 1.1, except that the root object is now "mynetwork" or whatever name you used for the file. Right click the root object; the model available for insertion is NetDiagram. This is the first sign of customization! Insert a NewNetDiagram, and open it. The part browser now shows Host, Network, and Router, just as it should. Create a Host and a Network. Give them names like "mailhost" and "localnet", respectively. Test the connections: in Add Connection mode ( ), connect "mailhost" to "localnet". Now test the attributes: mailhost has an IP Address, localnet has a Network Address and a NetMask. The configured modeling environment really knows what to do!

Now let's see how Routers behave in the model. Create a router and name it "inetgw". Set its Family attribute to one of the five options: "C25xx", for example. The router needs ports, so double-click it to access its internal structure. We can now add ports from the part browser. Add three ports to this router; name them E0, E1, and S0. Place E0 and E1 on the left side of the window and S0 on the right side. Close the inetgw window; the router now has three ports. Connect E1 to "localnet".

Let's try to trick GME. Connect E0 to "mailhost". It does not work; this type of connection is not allowed by the paradigm. We cannot even connect Networks to Hosts because connections are directed by default, and connections in the reverse direction (from Network to NetInterface) are not specified.

We do not yet have any objects to connect E0 and S0 to, so leave them unconnected for now. Our first model, built for our first paradigm, looks like the one in Fig 1.6.



Fig 1.6 The first version of the network model




1.4 Enhancing the metamodel and the model icons

So far, the capabilities of the customized modeling environment are hardly enough to justify the amount of work invested in the metamodel. This is because the beginning is usually the hardest part; what typically follows is the incremental enhancement of the metamodel and the example projects. This enhancement is repeated many times, forming a cycle which includes the following steps:

  1. editing the metamodel
  2. re-interpreting and registering it
  3. upgrading the example applications to the new version of the paradigm
  4. changing the example applications to test/use the enhanced features of the paradigm
This process will be demonstrated on a significant enhancement of the current metamodel. The first complaint voiced by the users of the new environment will probably be the bland visualization. We can fix this by assigning fancy icons to our components.

First, we will have to create bitmaps (one for each object, two for ports; one large and one small). Bitmaps must be in BMP format. If you - like me - are not a good computer artist, you may use the the following bitmaps:


Host.bmp

Network.bmp

Router.bmp

Port.bmp

PortSmall.bmp


Icon files may be saved anywhere, but it is a good practice to copy them to a subdirectory named "Icons" in the directory of your paradigm file. You can find the location of the paradigm file with the "File/Register Paradigms..." dialog. (If the icons are stored in a different place, you must set the icon path; this process is described below).

When creating your own bitmaps, here are some points to consider:

We must now specify which icon belongs to which entity. Close the model and open the metamodel. From the class diagram aspect, open the Attributes dialog for each of the entites that will have customized icons. For Host, Network, and Router, enter the name of the bitmap for "Icon name". Ports are also visible as ports of Routers, so provide the name of the normal-sized bitmap for "Icon name" and the name of the smaller bitmap for "Port icon name". If all icons are in the same directory, then only the filenames (including extension) are entered here, because the complete path is usually specified in the icon path settings (described below).

Re-interpret and re-register the paradigm as described above. Registering a new version of a paradigm does not delete the previously registered version(s), so existing models will continue to use the version that they were created with. New models, however, are created with the current paradigm, which is normally the most recently installed one.

It is possible to upgrade existing models to a newer paradigm in two different ways:

Hopefully, the upgraded model now displays our custom icons. If not, the system is probably unable to find the icon directory. To correct this problem, open the "File/Settings..." dialog, and add the name of the icon directory to the "User Icon Path" field. (If the icons were saved to the "Icons" subdirectory next to the paradigm file, we do not need to do anything, thanks to the special item "$PARADIGMDIR\Icons" which is normally located in the "System Icon Path".)

The paradigm upgrade process described above may be repeated several times to implement other modifications and to fix errors in the paradigm. Once we are satisfied with the model paradigm, we can create real diagrams, like the typical network of a small company in Fig 1.7.



Fig 1.7 Diagram of a typical network in a small company



<< Previous Lesson Complete List Next Lesson >>